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London (European Parliament constituency)

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London
European Parliament constituency
Map of the 2014 European Parliament constituencies with London highlighted in red
Location among the 2014 constituencies
Shown in the United Kingdom
Member stateUnited Kingdom
Created1999
Dissolved31 January 2020
MEPs10 (1999–2004)
9 (2004–2009)
8 (2009–2020)
Sources
[1][2][3]
This article is part of a series within the
Politics of England on the
Politics of London
Greater London Authority
Mayor of London (list)

Sadiq Khan (L)

Statutory Deputy Mayor
Joanne McCartney (L/Co)

London Assembly

London Councils
City of London Corporation

Lord Mayor
Peter Estlin

London boroughs (list)
London and the United Kingdom
Minister for London

Vacant

London was a constituency of the European Parliament from 1999 until the UK exit from the European Union on 31 January 2020.

Between 2009 and 2020, it returned eight MEPs, using the D'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.[3]

Boundaries

[edit]

The constituency corresponded to the Greater London region of England, in the south east of the United Kingdom.

History

[edit]

Prior to 1999, London was represented by a number of single-member constituencies. These were London Central, London East, London North, London North East, London North West, London South East, London South Inner, London South West, London West, and parts of London South and Surrey East.

The European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999 reduced this to a single constituency returning a number of MEPs.

MEPs for former London constituencies, 1979 – 1999[4]
Election 1979 – 1984 1984 – 1989 1989 – 1994 1994 – 1999
London South (until 1984)
London South and Surrey East (from 1984) 		James Moorhouse
Conservative, Liberal Democrats (from 1998)
London South West Shelagh Roberts
Conservative 		Anita Pollack
Labour
London North West Lord Bethell
Conservative 		Robert Evans
Labour
London South East Brandon Rhys-Williams
Conservative 		Peter Price
Conservative 		Shaun Spiers
Labour
London North John Leslie Marshall
Conservative 		Pauline Green
Labour/Co-operative
London Central David Nicolson
Conservative 		Stan Newens
Labour/Co-operative
London West Brian Hord
Conservative 		Michael Elliott
Labour
London East Alan Tyrrell
Conservative 		Carole Tongue
Labour
London South Inner Richard Balfe
Labour
London North East Alfred Lomas
Labour

Returned members

[edit]

Below are all the members since the creation of the London constituency. The number of seats allocated to London had been reduced from 10 to 8 between 1999 and 2009 due to EU enlargement. Members elected in 1999 who previously represented a London constituency were Pauline Green (London North, elected 1989) and Robert Evans (London North West, elected 1994).[4]

MEPs for London, 1999 onwards
Election 1999 (5th parliament) 2004 (6th parliament) 2009 (7th parliament) 2014 (8th parliament) 2019 (9th parliament)
MEP
Party 		Jean Lambert
Green 		Scott Ainslie
Green
MEP
Party 		Lord Bethell
Conservative 		Gerard Batten
UKIP 		Ben Habib
Brexit Party
MEP
Party 		Theresa Villiers[5]
Conservative 		Syed Kamall[6]
Conservative 		Lance Forman
Brexit Party (May–December 2019)
Independent (December 2019 to 2020),
Conservative Party (2020 to present)
MEP
Party 		Charles Tannock
Conservative 		Irina von Wiese
Liberal Democrat
MEP
Party 		John Bowis
Conservative 		Marina Yannakoudakis
Conservative 		Lucy Anderson
Labour 		Dinesh Dhamija
Liberal Democrat
MEP
Party 		Pauline Green[7]
Labour 		Mary Honeyball
Labour 		Luisa Porritt
Liberal Democrat
MEP
Party 		Claude Moraes
Labour
MEP
Party 		Sarah Ludford
Liberal Democrat 		Seb Dance
Labour
MEP
Party 		Robert Evans
Labour 		Seat abolished
MEP
Party 		Richard Balfe
Labour (1999–2002)
Conservative (2002–04) 		Seat abolished
Key to political groups of the European Parliament (UK)[8]
Party Faction in European Parliament
Brexit Party 29 Non-Inscrits 57
DUP 1
Liberal Democrats 16 17   Renew Europe 108
Alliance 1
Green 7 11 Greens–European Free Alliance 75
SNP 3
Plaid Cymru 1
Labour 10   Socialists and Democrats 154
Conservative 4 European Conservatives and Reformists Group 62
Sinn Féin 1   European United Left–Nordic Green Left 41
Total 73 Total 750

Returned Members by seat

[edit]

Seats allocated using d'Hondt method, in order. Transfers within parties between elections omitted for simplicity.

[9] [10][11][12] [13]

Election 1st MEP 2nd MEP 3rd MEP 4th MEP 5th MEP 6th MEP 7th MEP 8th MEP 9th MEP 10th MEP
1999 Labour
(Pauline Green) 		Con
(Theresa Villiers) 		Labour
(Claude Moraes) 		Con
(Charles Tannock) 		Labour
(Robert Evans) 		LD
(Baroness Sarah Ludford) 		Con
(Nicholas Bethell) 		Labour
(Richard Balfe) 		Con
(John Bowis) 		Green
(Jean Lambert)
2004 Con
(Theresa Villiers) 		Labour
(Claude Moraes) 		LD
(Baroness Sarah Ludford) 		Con
(John Bowis) 		Labour
(Mary Honeyball) 		UKIP
(Gerard Batten) 		Con
(Charles Tannock) 		Green
(Jean Lambert) 		Labour
(Robert Evans)
2009 Con
(Charles Tannock) 		Labour
(Claude Moraes) 		LD
(Baroness Sarah Ludford) 		Con
(Syed Kamall) 		Green
(Jean Lambert) 		UKIP
(Gerard Batten) 		Labour
(Mary Honeyball) 		Con
(Marina Yannakoudakis)
2014 Labour
(Claude Moraes) 		Con
(Syed Kamall) 		Labour
(Mary Honeyball) 		UKIP
(Gerard Batten) 		Labour
(Lucy Anderson) 		Con
(Charles Tannock) 		Labour
(Seb Dance) 		Green
(Jean Lambert)
2019 LD
(Irina von Wiese) 		Labour
(Claude Moraes) 		Brexit
(Benyamin Habib) 		LD
(Dinesh Dhamija) 		Green
(Scott Ainslie) 		Labour
(Seb Dance) 		LD
(Luisa Manon Porritt) 		Brexit
(Lance Forman)

Election results

[edit]

Elected candidates are shown in bold. Brackets indicate the number of votes per seat won and order of MEPs elected.

2019

[edit]
2019 results
2019 European election: London[14]
List Candidates Votes Of total (%) ± from prev.
Liberal Democrats Irina von Wiese (1)
Dinesh Dhamija (4)
Luisa Porritt (7)
Jonathan Fryer, Hussain Khan, Helen Cross, Graham Colley, Rabina Khan 		608,725
(202,908.33) 		27.2 +20.5
Labour Claude Moraes (2)
Seb Dance (6)
Katy Clark, Laura Parker, Murad Qureshi, Taranjit Kaur Chana, James Beckles, Sanchia Alasia 		536,810
(268,405) 		23.9 −12.8
Brexit Party Ben Habib (3)
Lance Forman (8)
Graham Shore, Alka Cuthbert, Jimi Ogunnusi, Simon Marcus, Mehrtash A'zami, Aileen Quinton 		400,257
(200,128.5) 		17.9 New
Green Scott Ainslie (5)
Gulnar Hasnain, Shahrar Ali, Rachel Collinson, Eleanor Margolies, Remco van der Stoep, Kirsten De Keyser, Peter Underwood 		278,957 12.4 +3.5
Conservative Syed Kamall, Charles Tannock, Joy Morrissey, Tim Barnes, Scott Pattenden, Attic Rahman, Kirsty Finlayson, Luke Parker 177,964 7.9 −14.6
Change UK Gavin Esler, Jacek Rostowski, Carole Tongue, Annabel Mullin, Karen Newman, Nora Mulready, Jessica Simor, Haseeb Ur-Rehman 117,635 5.2 New
UKIP Gerard Batten, Richard Braine, Peter Muswell, Freddy Vachha, Robert Stephenson, Peter McIlvenna, John Poynton, Ronie Johnson 46,497 2.1 −14.8
Animal Welfare Vanessa Hudson, Jane Smith, Sam Morland, Ranjan Joshi, Mina Da Rui, Jonathan Homan, Simon Gouldman 25,232 1.1 +0.1
Women's Equality Catherine Mayer, Bea Gare, Nanci Hogan, Aliyah Dunbar-Hussain, Hannah Barham-Brown, Alison Marshall, Olivia Vincenti, Leyla Mohan 23,766 1.1 New
UKEU Pierre Kirk, Richard Stevens, Saleyha Ahsan, Anna Novikova, Angela Antetomaso, Richard Boardman 18,806 0.8 New
Independent Claudia Mcdowell 1,036 0.0 New
Independent Daze Aghaji 1,018 0.0 New
Independent Roger Hallam 924 0.0 New
Independent Kofi Klu 869 0.0 New
Independent Andrea Venzon 731 0.0 New
Independent Mike Shad 707 0.0 New
Independent Zoe Lafferty 436 0.0 New
Independent Andrew Medhurst 430 0.0 New
Independent Alan Kirkby 401 0.0 New
Independent Ian Sowden 254 0.0 New
Independent Henry Muss 226 0.0 New
Turnout 2,241,681 41.3

2014

[edit]
2014 results

The 2014 results were delayed by Tower Hamlets, where there were recounts needed for six local election wards.[15][16]

2014 European election: London
List Candidates Votes Of total (%) ± from prev.
Labour Claude Moraes, Mary Honeyball, Lucy Anderson, Seb Dance,
Ivana Bartoletti, Kamaljeet Jandu, Sanchia Alasia, Andrea Biondi 		806,959
(201,739.75) 		36.67 +15.4
Conservative Syed Kamall, Charles Tannock,
Marina Yannakoudakis, Caroline Attfield, Lynne Hack, Sheila Lawlor, Glyn Chambers, Annesley Abercorn 		495,639
(247,819.5) 		22.52 −4.8
UKIP Gerard Batten,
Paul Oakley, Elizabeth Jones, Lawrence Webb, Alastair McFarlane, Andrew McNeilis, Anthony Brown, Peter Whittle 		371,133 16.87 +6.1
Green Jean Lambert,
Caroline Allen, Haroon Saad, Shahrar Ali, Danny Bates, Tracey Hague, Violeta Vajda, Amelia Womack 		196,419 8.93 −2.0
Liberal Democrats Sarah Ludford, Jonathan Fryer, Richard Davis, Anuja Prashar, Rosina Robson, Turhan Ozen, Simon James, Matt McLaren 148,013 6.73 −7.0
4 Freedoms Party Dirk Hazell, NoelleAnne O'Sullivan, Geoff Gibas, Aline Doussin, Andrew Bell, Deborah Phillips, Royston Flude, Brendan Donnelly 28,014 1.27 New
An Independence from Europe Patrick Burns, Marlene Daniel, Gareth Griffiths, Munpreet Bhathal, Sharon Greenfield, Eddie Yeoman, Fred Atkins, Jean Atkins 26,675 1.21 New
CPA Sid Cordle, Yemi Awolola, Ashley Dickenson, Sharmilla Swarma, Laurence Williams, Ethel Odiete, Kevin Nicholls, Steven Hammond 23,702 1.08 −1.9
NHA Louise Irvine, Chidi Ejimofo, Marcus Chown, Kathryn Anderson, Rufus Hound, Jessica Ormerod, Andrew Sharp, Alex Ashman 23,253 1.06 New
Animal Welfare Vanessa Hudson, Alexander Bourke, Kirsteen Williamson-Guinn, Andrew Knight, Dimple Patel, Meg Mathews, Guy Dessoy, Ranjan Joshi 21,092 0.96 New
BNP Stephen Squire, Donna Treanor, Paul Sturdy, John Clarke, David Furness, Cliff le May, Ray Underwood, Kevin Lazell 19,246 0.87 −4.1
Europeans Party Tommy Tomescu, Andrzej Rygielski, Vanessa Del Carmen Guerrero Rodriguez, Robin Ashenden, Emil Rusanov, Georgios Papagrigorakis 10,712 0.5 New
English Democrat Jenny Knight, Matthew Roberts, Maggi Young, Graham Clipperton, Gary Butler, Nick Capp, Louise Dutton, Natalie Smith 10,142 0.5 −0.9
Communities United Kamran Malik, Humera Kamran, Cydatty Bogie, Mary Coleman Daniels, Idris Aden Ali, Reuben Edokpayi, Sunita Kaur Singh, Joanne Flanders 6,951 0.3 New
National Liberal Graham Williamson, Jagdeesh Singh, Sockalingam Yogalingam, Doris Jones, Upkar Singh Rai, Yuseef Anwar, Araz Yurdseven, Bernard Dube 6,736 0.3 New
NO2EU Edward Dempsey, Alexander Gordon, April Ashley, Annie Ngemi, Mary Davis, Paula Mitchell, Natasha Horau, Michael Clarty 3,804 0.2 New
Harmony Party David Vincent 1,985 0.1 −0.84
Turnout 2,200,475

2009

[edit]
2009 results
European Election 2009: London[17][18]
List Candidates Votes Of total (%) ± from prev.
Conservative Charles Tannock, Syed Kamall, Marina Yannakoudakis
Jean-Paul Floru, Warwick Lightfoot, Bob Seeley, Graham Postles, Alison Sproule 		479,037
(159,679) 		27.4 +0.6
Labour Claude Moraes, Mary Honeyball
Anne Fairweather, Kevin McGrath, Emma Jones, Raj Jethwa, Nilgun Canver 		372,590
(186,295) 		21.3 −3.5
Liberal Democrats Sarah Ludford
Jonathan Fryer, Dinti Batstone, Christopher Le Breton, John Pindar, Simon James, Caroline Persson, Ben Jones 		240,156 13.7 −1.6
Green Jean Lambert
Ute Michel, Shahrar Ali, Joseph Healy, Miranda Dunn, Shasha Khan, George Graham, Priya Shah 		190,589 10.9 +2.5
UKIP Gerard Batten
Ralph Atkinson, Michael Zuckerman, Tim Worstall, Sunita Webb, Victor Webb, Strachan McDonald, Geoff Howard, Marcus Watney 		188,440 10.8 −1.5
BNP Bob Bailey, Michael Barnbrook, Dennis Pearce, Julian Leppert, Roberta Woods, Chris Forster, John Clarke, John Evans 86,420 4.9 +0.9
Christian George Hargreaves, Susan May, Paula Warren, Stephen Hammond, Mary Boyle, Suzanne Fernandez, Peter Ljubisic, David Williams 51,336 2.9 New
Independent Jan Jananayagam[19] 50,014 2.9 New
English Democrat Roger Cooper, Graham Dare, Satvinder Singh Chagger, Graham Wood, Arvind Tailor, Elaine Cheeseman, David Stevens, Janus Polenceus 24,477 1.4 +0.5
NO2EU Bob Crow, John Hendry, Mary Davis, Kevin Nolan, Syed Islam, Onay Kasab, John Rowe, Nick Wrack 17,758 1.0 New
Socialist Labour Arthur Scargill, Amanda Rose, Colin Muir, Linda Muir, Ronald Sinclair, Margaret Sharkey, Alan Jones, Carole Whatham 15,306 0.9 New
Libertas Max Burt, Victoria Wood, Susannah Prins, Peter Lloyd, Herbert Crossman, Dominique Field 8,444 0.4 New
Jury Team Reza Tabrisi, Evan Milner, Lucy O'Sullivan-McCormick, Afshin Payravi, Thomas Mulcahy, Sherif Malak, David Littlejohn, Gregory Williams 7,284 0.4 New
Independent Steven Cheung 4,918 0.3 New
Socialist (GB) Danny Lambert, Tristan Miller, Janet Carter, Bill Martin, Adam Buick, Simon Wigley, Frederick Allen, Patricia Deutz 4,050 0.2 New
Yes2Europe Brendan Donnelly 3,384 0.2 New
Independent Sohale Rahman[20] 3,248 0.2 New
Independent Gene Alcantara[21] 1,972 0.1 New
Independent Haroon Saad 1,603 0.1 New
Turnout 1,751,026 33.3 −4.0

2004

[edit]
2004 results
European Election 2004: London[22]
List Candidates Votes Of total (%) ± from prev.
Conservative Theresa Villiers, John Bowis, Charles Tannock
Syed Kamall, Ian Twinn, Roseanne Serrelli, Heather Leigh Mendelsohn, Ashok Kumaar 		504,941
(168,313.67) 		26.8 −5.9
Labour Claude Moraes, Mary Honeyball, Robert Evans
Anita Pollack, Hugh Malyan, Steph Elsy, Munir Malik, Jane Briginshaw, Jo Ejiofor 		466,584
(155,528) 		24.8 −10.2
Liberal Democrats Sarah Ludford
Jonathan Fryer, John Stevens, Dinti Wakefield, Ian McDonald, Kishwer Falkner, Nigel Bakhai, Keith Moffitt, Sandra Lawman 		288,790 15.3 +3.6
UKIP Gerard Batten
Damian Hockney, Christopher Pratt, John De Roeck, Anthony Scholefield, Janice Cronin, Kathleen Garner, Harun Khan, Ralph Atkinson 		232,633 12.3 +6.9
Green Jean Lambert
Paul Ingram, Judy Maciejowska, Timothy Turner, Christopher Cotton, Douglas Earl, Shahrar Ali, Peter Budge, Joseph Healy 		158,986 8.4 +0.7
Respect George Galloway, Unjum Mirza, Elaine Graham-Leigh, Paul Foot, Rita Carter, John Mulrenan, Victoria Brittain, Gary McFarlane, Ken Loach 91,175 4.8 New
BNP Christopher Roberts, Tess Culnane, Lee Barnes, James Seadon, John Bowles, Jay Lee, John Evans, Alan Bailey, Lawrence Rustem 76,152 4.0 +2.4
CPA Michael Elmer, Genevieve Hibbs, Peter Flower, Keith McLeod, Debra Smith-Gorick, Douglas Gibbons, Roger Glencross, Glenton Downs 45,038 2.4 New
English Democrat Robin Tilbrook, Timothy Bragg, Terence Brown, Robert Howells, Alan Sutton, Robert Poulton 15,945 0.9 New
People's Party for Better Government Christopher Prior 5,205 0.3 New
Turnout 1,885,449 37.3 +14.2

1999

[edit]
1999 results
European Election 1999: London[23]
List Candidates Votes Of total (%) ± from prev.
Labour Pauline Green, Claude Moraes, Robert Evans, Richard Balfe
Carole Tongue, Shaun Spiers, Mary Honeyball, Munir Malik, Pam Wharfe, Michael Elliott 		399,466
(99,866.5) 		35.0
Conservative Theresa Villiers, Charles Tannock, Lord Bethell, John Bowis
Ian Twinn, Andrew Popat,[24] Andrew Boff, Bene't Steinberg, John Flack, Angela Harvey 		372,989
(93,247.25) 		32.7
Liberal Democrats Sarah Ludford
Hugh Dykes, Susan Kramer, Jonathan Fryer, Hilary Leighter, Nick Pinfield, Sue Doughty, Andrew Wiseman, Nikki Thomson, Peter Facey 		133,058 11.7
Green Jean Lambert
Niki Kortvelyessy, Jenny Jones, Shane Collins, John William Bradley, Vicky Olliver, Hils Jago, Jayne Forbes, Dean Walton, Michael Stimson 		87,545 7.7
UKIP Craig Mackinlay, Damian Hockney, Josie O'Ware, Gerald Roberts, Chris Pratt, James Carver, Michael Harvey, Tony Scholefield, John de Roeck, Mark Lester 61,741 5.4
Socialist Labour Arthur Scargill, Novjot Brar, Hardy Singh Dhillon, Amanda Rose, John Hendy, Harpal Brar, Eloisa Rule, Robert Siggins, John Hayball, Joe Marino 19,632 1.7
BNP John Tyndall, Kenneth Francis, Paul Borg, Michael Davidson, Valerie Tyndall, Jean Griffin, Ruth Tagg, Michael Carey, Christopher Jury, Mark Tointan 17,960 1.6
Liberal Maria Williamson, Mark Austin, Robin Almond, Rif Winfield, Anne Bradshaw, Roger Jenking, Gerald Williams, Donald Bruce, Peter White, Jennifer Roach 16,951 1.5
Pro-Euro Conservative Marcelle d'Argy Smith, Harriet Crawley, Catherine Moorhouse, Richard Wassell, Sir Anthony Meyer, Martin Sexton, Mary-Anne Widdicombe, Stephen Haseler, Joanne Ezekiel, Daniel Trup 16,383 1.4
Architect, Human Rights Peace in Europe George Hajifanis 4,851 0.4
Anti-Value added tax Erol Basarik 2,596 0.2
Humanist Jon Swinden, Judith Earley, Tony Robinson, Robert Harris, Simon Peters, Simon Domingo, Joanna Spearman, Anna Louise Swinden, Mammo Muchie, Jennifer Wright 2,586 0.2
The Hemp Coalition Gordon Webster 2,358 0.2
Natural Law Geoffrey Clements, Richard Johnson, Anthony Hardy, Susan Hamza, Gerard Valente, Judith Thomas, Alexander Hankey, Philomena Quick, Jonathan Hinde, Charles Hueston 2,263 0.2
Weekly Worker Anne Murphy, Stanley Kelsey, Marcus Larsen, Peter Mansen, Phillip Kent, Jim Gilbert, Andrew Hanna 846 0.1
Turnout 1,141,225 23.1

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. ^ "european elections 10–13 june". European Parliament. 10 June 2004. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  3. ^ a b "Candidates | European Parliament Information Office in the United Kingdom". Europarl.org.uk. Archived from the original on 10 May 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  4. ^ a b Boothroyd, David (11 April 2003). "United Kingdom European Parliamentary Election results 1979-99: London". Election Demon. Archived from the original on 11 April 2003. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  5. ^ Elected to Chipping Barnet in the 2005 UK general election.
  6. ^ Appointed in May 2005 to replace Theresa Villiers.
  7. ^ Resigned in December 1999.
  8. ^ "Results by national party: 2019-2024 United Kingdom - Final results". European Parliament. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  9. ^ "European election 2019 – London-wide results". lewisham.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  10. ^ "Election Results for May 2014" (PDF). European Parliament. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2019.
  11. ^ "Results of 2009 European elections in the UK". European Parliament. 21 December 2023. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  12. ^ The 2004 London Elections Archived 27 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ 1999 Election Candidates Archived 28 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ "European Parliamentary elections 23 May 2019 | Lambeth Council". www.lambeth.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  15. ^ "Tower Hamlets Council ballot count resumes". BBC News. 25 May 2014. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  16. ^ London European Elections 2014. "London European Elections 2014". Londoneuroelections.org.uk. Archived from the original on 25 April 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ "EUROPEAN PARLIAMENTARY ELECTION" (PDF). lewisham.gov.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 May 2009.
  18. ^ "European Elections 2009: London". BBC News. 7 June 2009. Archived from the original on 7 June 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  19. ^ "Vote Jan| June 4". votejan4mep.org. Archived from the original on 18 May 2009.
  20. ^ Sohale Rahman. "Sohale Rahman | Representing Private Clients & Community". Sohale.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  21. ^ "資格を目指せ！取って広がる就職への道". Genealcantara.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
  22. ^ "2004 Election candidates". UK Office of the European Parliament. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
  23. ^ "1999 Election candidates". UK Office of the European Parliament. Archived from the original on 28 August 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
  24. ^ "Andrew Popat, Esq, CBE Authorised Biography | Debrett's People of Today". Debretts.com. 31 December 1943. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
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