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Timeline of rocket and missile technology

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A depiction of the "long serpent" rocket launcher from the 11th century book Wujing Zongyao. The holes in the frame are designed to keep the fire arrows separate.

This article gives a concise timeline of rocket and missile technology.

11th century-13th century

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Robert Anderson suggests using metal for rocket casing

17th century-19th century

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  • 1633 - Lagâri Hasan Çelebi launched a 7-winged rocket using 50 okka (140 lbs) of gunpowder from Sarayburnu, the point below Topkapı Palace in Istanbul.[3]
  • 1650 - Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima ("Great Art of Artillery, the First Part") is printed in Amsterdam, about a year before the death of its author, Kazimierz Siemienowicz.
  • 1664 - A "space rocket" is imagined as a future technology to be studied in France and its drawing is ordered by French finance minister Colbert; designed by Le Brun on a Gobelins tapestry[4] (see: French space program)
  • 1696 - Robert Anderson suggests making rockets out of "a piece of a Gun Barrel" whose metal casing is much stronger than pasteboard or wood[5][6]
  • 1798 - Tipu Sultan, the King of the state of Mysore in India, develops and uses iron rockets against the British Army (see Mysorean rockets).
  • 1801 - The British Army develops the Congreve rocket based on weapons used against them by Tipu Sultan.
  • 1806 - Claude Ruggieri, an Italian living in France, launched animals on rockets and recovered them using parachutes. He was prevented from launching a child by police.[7]
  • 1813 - "A Treatise on the Motion of Rockets" by William Moore – first appearance of the rocket equation
  • 1818 - Henry Trengrouse demonstrates his rocket apparatus for projecting a lifeline from a wrecked ship to the shore, later widely adopted
  • 1844 - William Hale invents the spin-stabilized rocket
  • 1861 - William Leitch publishes an essay "A Journey Through Space" (later published in his book God's Glory in the Heavens (1862)) in which he postulated the use of rockets for space travel because rockets would work more efficiently in a vacuum.

20th century

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Buzz Aldrin on the surface of the Moon during Apollo 11
  • 1966 - USSR Luna 9, the first soft landing on the Moon
  • 1966 - USSR launches Soyuz spacecraft, the longest-running series of spacecraft, eventually serving Soviet, Russian and International space missions.
  • 1968 - USSR Zond 5, two tortoises and smaller biological Earthlings circle the Moon and return safely to Earth.
  • 1968 - US Apollo 8, the first crewed mission to reach and orbit the Moon.
  • 1969 - US Apollo 11, first crewed landing on the Moon, first lunar surface extravehicular activity.
  • 1975 - EU ESA, creation of the European Space Agency.[22]
  • 1979 - EU Ariane 1, first Ariane European rocket.[23]
  • 1980 - EU Arianespace, creation of Arianespace, world's first commercial space transportation company.[24]
  • 1981 - US Space Shuttle pioneers reusability and glide landings
  • 1988 - EU Ariane 4, first launch of the Ariane 4 rocket.[25]
  • 1996 - EU Ariane 5, first flight of the Ariane 5 rocket, self-destructed in flight. After that, Ariane 5 will be the main European rocket for decades.[26]
  • 1998 - US Deep Space 1 is first deep space mission to use an ion thruster for propulsion.
  • 1998 - Russia launches the Zarya module, the first part of the International Space Station.

21st century

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Astronauts assemble the ISS.
SpaceX first stage rocket returning from space to a drone ship at sea.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Tonio Andrade (2022-11-26). "The Origins of the Gunpowder Age". Medievalists.net. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
  2. ^ McCaig, A. D. (2000). "'The Soul of Artillery': Congreve's Rockets and Their Effectiveness in Warfare". Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 78 (316): 252–263. JSTOR 44230626.
  3. ^ Winter, Frank H. (1992). "Who First Flew in a Rocket?", Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 45 (July 1992), p. 275-80
  4. ^ Jean Cheymol. "Astronautique" (PDF). Biusante.parisdescartes.fr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-26. Retrieved 2017-08-11.
  5. ^ Anderson, Robert (November 2003). The making of rockets in two parts, the first containing the making of rockets for the meanest capacity, the other to make rockets by a duplicate proposition, to 1000 pound weight or higher / experimentally and mathematically demonstrated, by Robert Anderson.
  6. ^ Standingwellback (2012-12-28). "Rockets - a reassessment, a mystery and a discovery". Standing Well Back. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  7. ^ "MSFC History OFFICE: CLAUDE RUGGIERI". History.msfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 15 February 2001. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  8. ^ "Considerations sur les resultats d'un allegement indefini des moteurs", Journal de physique theorique et appliquee, Paris, 1913
  9. ^ Guttman, Jon (2005). Balloon-busting aces of World War 1. Osprey aircraft of the aces 66. Oxford, UK: Osprey. p. 12. ISBN 978-1841768779.
  10. ^ Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1926–1981 (printed version) ed.). Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya. December 1973. ISBN 9780028800004.heading=Gas-Dynamic Laboratory
  11. ^ "Goddard launches space age with historic first 85 years ago today". 16 March 2011. Retrieved 2019-07-28.
  12. ^ https://www.airforcemag.com/article/0904rocket/ article by Walter J. Boyne in Air Force Magazine, September 1, 2004
  13. ^ Zak, Anatoly. "Gas Dynamics Laboratory". Russian Space Web. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  14. ^ a b "space exploration | History, Definition, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-07-06.
  15. ^ "Sommaire chronologie Ariane". Capcomespace.net. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  16. ^ "My steps for Bataan". United States Marine Corps Flagship. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  17. ^ Swenson, Loyd S. Jr.; Grimwood, James M.; Alexander, Charles C. (1966). This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury. The NASA History Series. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. OCLC 569889. NASA SP-4201. Archived from the original on June 17, 2010. Retrieved June 28, 2007.
  18. ^ "Salkeld Shuttle". Astronautix.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2005. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  19. ^ "ROBERT SALKELD'S". Pmview.com. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  20. ^ "STS-1 Further Reading". History.nasa.gov. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  21. ^ "CNES celebrates Diamant's 50th anniversary - the origins of France's independence in space". December 2015.
  22. ^ "History of Europe in space".
  23. ^ "Milestones".
  24. ^ "Milestones".
  25. ^ "Milestones".
  26. ^ "Vidéothèque CNES : Lancement Ariane 501".
  27. ^ "First Space Tourist Dennis Tito to Make Business Visit to Russia". redOrbit. June 15, 2004. Archived from the original on November 27, 2010. Retrieved February 27, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  28. ^ "SpaceShipOne Flight Tests". Scaled Composites. Archived from the original on 2010-08-22.
  29. ^ Clark, Stephen (2008-09-28). "Sweet Success at Last for Falcon 1 Rocket". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 2014-11-30. the first privately developed liquid-fueled rocket to successfully reach orbit.
  30. ^ Clark, Stephen (25 May 2012). "First commercial cargo ship arrives at space station". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  31. ^ Belfiore, Michael (April 22, 2014). "SpaceX Brings a Booster Safely Back to Earth". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  32. ^ Orwig, Jessica (2014-11-25). "Elon Musk Just Unveiled A Game-Changing Ocean Landing Pad For His Reusable Rockets". Business Insider. Retrieved 2014-12-11. The first successful "soft landing" of a Falcon 9 rocket happened in April of this year
  33. ^ Jeff Foust (December 21, 2015). "Falcon 9 Launches Orbcomm Satellites, Lands First Stage". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2015-12-22. the first time SpaceX had successfully landed the rocket's first stage.
  34. ^ "SpaceX demonstrates rocket reusability with SES-10 launch and booster landing". Spacenews.com. 30 March 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  35. ^ Grush, Loren (24 January 2018). "Rocket Lab secretly launched a disco ball satellite on its latest test flight". The Verge. Retrieved 24 January 2018.