Young adult
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Young adult in medicine and the social sciences, is generally a person in the years immediately following adolescence. Young adults are typically individuals in the age range of 18 to 19 years, representing a transition between adolescence and full adulthood. During this phase, individuals begin to assume adult responsibilities, such as increased independence and decision-making, while still benefiting from guidance in managing these new roles.[1]
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The young adult stage in human development precedes middle adulthood. In the literary business, the term young adult is often used informally or in a marketing sense for the readers of young adult literature, books targeted at readers starting from around ages 12 or 13 up to 18 or 19[2]. This broad extension of young adult to minors has been disputed, as they are not considered adults by law or in most cultures, outside of specific religious or cultural traditions[3].
Education and First Employment
[edit]The age range of 18 to 19 years marks a crucial period of transition in terms of education and entry into the labor market. At this stage, many young adults are completing secondary education or are enrolled in higher education institutions, seeking skills that can prepare them for the workforce or more specialized careers. Organizations such as UNICEF emphasize the importance of developing transferable skills, such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication, which are essential for employability at this life stage.[4]
In the United Kingdom, statistics show that a large percentage of 18 to 19-year-olds are still involved in some form of education or training, while others enter the labor market directly or combine work and study. According to the Department for Education's statistics, in 2023, 81% of young people in this age group were engaged in education, training, or employment.[5]
In the United States, skill development for 18 to 19-year-olds is often linked to preparation for their first job. Young adults in this age range, while gaining greater independence, may still require support in areas such as decision-making and adapting to the work environment. According to Michigan State University Extension, this stage is characterized by the onset of financial responsibilities, such as managing personal resources and balancing the demands of work and study.[6]
Additionally, the entry into the workforce for 18 to 19-year-olds can vary depending on the economic and social context. In many regions, youth employment rates are closely tied to the availability of educational opportunities and technical or vocational training. UNICEF emphasizes that quality education and access to skill development programs are essential for improving young adults' employment prospects.[7]
Age of Majority
[edit]The age of majority refers to the legally defined age at which a person is considered an adult, with all the rights and responsibilities that accompany adulthood. For most countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom, the age of majority is set at 18 years.[8] This legal milestone marks the point at which an individual can vote, sign contracts, and make independent decisions without the consent of a parent or guardian.
Between the ages of 18 and 19, young adults navigate the shift from adolescence to full legal responsibility. In many cultures, reaching the age of majority is a significant rite of passage, symbolizing independence. However, despite this legal transition, many 18- and 19-year-olds are still in a phase of personal and social development, often relying on family and educational institutions for support.[9]
For foster youth in countries like the UK, turning 18 does not always signify complete independence. Special provisions are often made to ensure continued support for those transitioning out of the foster care system. The legal age of majority grants certain freedoms, but programs and policies recognize that many young adults may still require guidance and assistance during the critical years of 18 to 19.[10]
Internationally, while the age of majority is most commonly set at 18, some variations exist. For example, in certain countries, legal adulthood might be reached at a younger or older age, depending on local laws and cultural norms. However, the age of 18 remains the most widely recognized marker for adult rights and responsibilities.[11]
Despite being legally recognized as adults, young people aged 18 to 19 often face challenges as they assume adult roles while still being in educational settings or transitioning into the workforce. This period represents a delicate balance between newfound legal independence and ongoing personal development.[1]
Criminal and Civil Responsibility of Young Adults
[edit]At the age of 18, individuals are generally considered legally responsible for their actions, both in civil and criminal contexts. In most countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom, 18-year-olds are treated as adults under the law, which means they can be held fully accountable for crimes, face trial as adults, and be subject to civil lawsuits.[12]
In terms of **criminal responsibility**, the transition from adolescence to adulthood occurs at 18 years of age in most legal systems. This shift signifies that young adults between the ages of 18 and 19 are no longer subject to juvenile justice systems, but instead face the full penalties associated with adult courts. However, some experts have raised concerns about whether this age range is appropriate for full criminal responsibility, citing ongoing cognitive and emotional development in late adolescence. Critics, such as those highlighted by the Guardian, have argued for raising the age of criminal responsibility, emphasizing that many young adults may not fully comprehend the long-term consequences of their actions.[13]
Regarding **civil responsibility**, 18- and 19-year-olds are also legally accountable for contractual agreements and can be sued or take legal action in civil disputes. This means they are responsible for any legal obligations they enter into, such as signing rental agreements, taking out loans, or being liable for damages caused by their actions.[14] Although these young adults are legally recognized as adults, they may still face challenges in understanding the complexities of civil law and managing financial responsibilities.
Internationally, the age of criminal and civil responsibility varies slightly, though 18 is the most commonly recognized threshold for adulthood. In Europe, most countries adhere to this age for full legal responsibility, although there are discussions in some regions about whether this age should be adjusted based on research into cognitive development and social maturity.[15]
While young adults aged 18 to 19 are granted full legal rights and responsibilities, they often continue to experience personal and social growth during this period. As such, balancing these newfound legal responsibilities with ongoing development remains a challenge for many in this age group.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b "18 to 19 year olds: Ages and stages of youth development". Michigan State University Extension. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
- ^ Fitzgerald, Toni. "The 30 Greatest Young Adult (YA) Novels". Forbes. Retrieved 2024-10-25.
- ^ "Selected State Child Labor Standards Affecting Minors Under 18 in Non-farm Employment as of June 13, 2024". DOL. Retrieved 2024-10-25.
- ^ "Skills Development". UNICEF. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
- ^ "Participation in Education, Training and Employment". Explore Education Statistics. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
- ^ "18 to 19 year olds: Ages and stages of youth development". Michigan State University Extension. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
- ^ "Skills Development". UNICEF. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
- ^ "Age of Majority". Cornell Law School. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
- ^ "Ages of Majority". The Fostering Network. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
- ^ "Ages of Majority". The Fostering Network. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
- ^ "Age of Majority Worldwide". UNICEF. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
- ^ "Age Boundaries in Juvenile Justice Systems". National Governors Association. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
- ^ "Age of Criminal Responsibility Must Be Raised, Say Experts". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
- ^ "19-Year-Olds and Responsibility". Tools for Your Child's Success. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
- ^ "Minimum Ages of Criminal Responsibility in Europe". CRIN. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
Notes
[edit]- Erikson, Erik H (1975). Childhood and Society. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-020754-5.
- Erikson, Erik H (1993). Childhood and Society. WW Norton & Company. doi:10.1002/1520-6807(199507)32:3<243::AID-PITS2310320315>3.0.CO;2-4. ISBN 0-393-31068-X.
- Erikson, Erik H. (1982). The Life Cycle Completed. W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-01622-6
- Erikson, Joan (1997). "Ninth stage of development". The life cycle completed: Extended version with new chapters. Erikson, Erik H. New York: WW Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-03934-X.
- Sheehy, Gail (1996). New Passages: Mapping Your Life Across Time. Ballantine. ISBN 978-0-00-255619-4.
- Rapoport, Rhona; Rapoport, Robert N. (1980). Growing Through Life. Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-384751-4.
- Birch, Ann (1997). Developmental Psychology: From Infancy to Adulthood (2nd ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-66959-4. Archived from the original on 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - Zastrow, Charles; Kirst-Ashman, Karen (2009). Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-60374-0.
