Battle of the Java Sea

Battle of the Java Sea
Part of World War II, Pacific War
Bombs from a Japanese aircraft falling near the Dutch light cruiser Java in the Gaspar Strait east of Sumatra, Dutch East Indies, on 15 February 1942.
Date 27 February-1 March 1942 Location Java Sea, Dutch East Indies Result Japanese victory
Belligerents
Allies Netherlands United States United Kingdom Australia	Japan
Commanders and leaders
Karel Doorman † Conrad Helfrich	Takeo Takagi
Strength
2 heavy cruisers 3 light cruisers 9 destroyers	2 heavy cruisers 2 light cruisers 14 destroyers 10 transports
Casualties and losses
Main Battle 2 light cruisers sunk 3 destroyers sunk 2 heavy cruisers damaged (one badly) 2,300 sailors killed Aftermath 2 heavy cruisers sunk 1 light cruiser sunk 3 destroyers sunk 1,100 sailors killed	Main Battle 3 destroyers damaged One transport damaged 36 killed Aftermath 1 minesweeper sunk by friendly fire 4 transports sunk by friendly fire 1 heavy cruiser damaged 3 destroyers damaged 10 sailors killed

The Battle of the Java Sea (Indonesian: Pertempuran Laut Jawa, Japanese: スラバヤ沖海戦, romanized: Surabaya oki kaisen, lit. 'Surabaya open-sea battle') was a decisive naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II. Two heavy cruisers, three light cruisers, and nine destroyers of ABDA fleet attempted to intercept a Japanese invasion convoy destined for the Dutch East Indies. However, upon being engaged by the convoy's escorts, 2 heavy cruisers, 2 light cruisers, and 14 destroyers, they suffered a disastrous defeat which ended ABDA fleet as a fighting force. Starting just after 16:00, the first half hour of the battle was something of a stalemate, with both sides consistently missing their shots. However, the Japanese heavy cruiser Haguro changed the course of the battle when she crippled the heavy cruiser HMS Exeter with an 8-inch (203 mm) shell hit that cut her speed to 5 knots, then sank the destroyer Kortenaer with one of the longest ranged torpedo hits from 22,000 yards. The destroyer Asagumo and others then sank the destroyer HMS Electra, resulting in the allied fleet retreating from the engagement.

While underway, the destroyer HMS Jupiter hit a mine and sank, but otherwise it seemed the fleet was safe. However, heavy cruisers Haguro and Nachi caught the force in a long range night ambush and attacked with torpedoes to great success. One of Nachi's torpedoes hit the light cruiser Java, which blew up and sank instantly, while one of Haguro's torpedoes sank the allied flagship, the light cruiser De Ruyter, killing Admiral Karel Doorman, who had overall command of ABDA fleet.

The remaining allied ships attempted to retreat, but were caught by Japanese shipping and destroyed in several smaller scale engagements still part of the overall battle of the Java Sea. The heavy cruiser USS Houston, light cruiser HMAS Perth, and destroyer Evertsen snuck through the Sunda Strait, only to be caught by the escorts for another Japanese troop convoy and overwhelmingly sunk, although Houston and Perth managed to damage the heavy cruiser Mikuma and several destroyers before going down in what became the battle of Sunda Strait.

Ending off the crushing Japanese victory, the Exeter, still crippled by Haguro's shell hit, escorted by the destroyers HMS Encounter and USS Pope, managed to run into a Japanese cruiser force and tangled in a long range night fight. Over 2 hours, both sides consistently missed their shots, shells landing several thousand yards away from each other. Eventually, Haguro and Nachi joined the battle, scoring their first hit 4 minutes later. A flurry of 8-inch (203 mm) gunfire left Exeter dead in the water and disabled her remaining guns and electrical power and set her on fire, finally leading to her crew scuttling the cruiser. Haguro and Nachi, almost completely out of ammo, finally withdrew, while Encounter found herself in a gunfight with the heavy cruisers Myōkō and Ashigara and destroyers Kawakaze and Yamakaze and sank in a blaze of glory. Pope temporally escaped, but within two hours was crippled by the light carrier Ryūjō and finished off by Myōkō and Ashigara in what became known as the second battle of the Java Sea.

Throughout the course of the battle, allied warships failed to sink a single Japanese ship. The only Japanese losses were the result of a friendly fire incident from the heavy cruiser Mogami, having launched a torpedo spread at the battle of Sunda Strait which accidentally sank a Japanese minesweeper and four troop transports.

While the battle of the Java Sea ended officially after this point, its outcome resulted in devastating consequences in the immediate time following the battle. The engagement completely destroyed ABDA fleet as a capable fighting force, with much of its remainder desperately fleeing the Dutch East Indies for friendly ports in Australia. Many of these ships were hunted down and destroyed by Japanese forces. Even more devastatingly, this battle led to the Dutch navy mass scuttling its fleet at Surabaya as the Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies became increasingly more successful. Several of these ships were raised and recommissioned into Japanese service. Untouched Japanese troop convoys successfully landed and wreaked havoc on the remaining allied forces, ultimately culminating when the Japanese successfully captured the Dutch East Indies and its crucial oil fields on 8 March 1942.

Background

The Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies progressed at a rapid pace as they advanced from their Palau Islands colony and captured bases in Sarawak and the southern Philippines. They seized bases in eastern Borneo and in northern Celebes while troop convoys, screened by destroyers and cruisers with air support provided by swarms of fighters operating from captured bases, steamed southward through the Makassar Strait and into the Molucca Sea. To oppose these invading forces was a small force, consisting of Dutch, American, British and Australian warships—many of them of World War I vintage—initially under the command of American Admiral Thomas C. Hart.

On 23 January 1942 a force of four American destroyers attacked a Japanese invasion convoy in Makassar Strait as it approached Balikpapan in Borneo. On 13 February the Japanese captured the major port of Palembang in eastern Sumatra. On the night of 19/20 February, an Allied force attacked the Japanese eastern invasion force off Bali in the Battle of Badung Strait. Also on 19 February, the Japanese made two air raids on Darwin, on the Australian mainland, one from carrier-based planes and the other by land-based planes. The destruction of Darwin rendered it useless as a supply and naval base to support operations in the East Indies.

Battle

A formation of Japanese twin engined land based bombers under anti-aircraft fire whilst attacking ships in the Java Sea on 15 February 1942; seen from the Australian cruiser HMAS Hobart.

HNLMS De Ruyter at anchor in the bay at Oosthaven, Southern Sumatra, mid February 1942, shortly before the so-called Gasper Strait battle.

Japanese cruiser Haguro (pictured) sank HNLMS De Ruyter, killing Admiral Karel Doorman.

The Japanese amphibious forces gathered to strike at Java, and on 27 February 1942 the main Allied naval force, under Rear Admiral Karel Doorman, sailed northeast from Surabaya to intercept a convoy of the Japanese eastern invasion force approaching from the Makassar Strait. The Allies eastern strike force, consisted of two heavy cruisers (HMS Exeter and USS Houston), three light cruisers (Doorman's flagship HNLMS De Ruyter, HNLMS Java, HMAS Perth), and nine destroyers (HMS Electra, HMS Encounter, HMS Jupiter, HNLMS Kortenaer, HNLMS Witte de With, USS Alden, USS John D. Edwards, USS John D. Ford, and USS Paul Jones).

The Japanese task force protecting the convoy, commanded by Rear Admiral Takeo Takagi, consisted of two heavy (Nachi and Haguro) and two light cruisers (Naka and Jintsū) and 14 destroyers (Yūdachi, Samidare, Murasame, Harusame, Minegumo, Asagumo, Yukikaze, Tokitsukaze, Amatsukaze, Hatsukaze, Yamakaze, Kawakaze, Sazanami, and Ushio) including the 4th Destroyer Squadron under the command of Rear Admiral Shoji Nishimura. The Japanese heavy cruisers were much more powerful, armed with ten 8-inch (203 mm) guns each, and superb torpedoes. By comparison, Exeter was armed only with six 8-inch guns and only six of Houston's nine 8-inch guns remained operable after her aft turret had been knocked out in an earlier air attack.

The Allied force engaged the Japanese in the Java Sea, and the battle raged intermittently from mid-afternoon to midnight as the Allies tried to reach and attack the troop transports of the Java invasion fleet, but they were repulsed by superior firepower. The Allies had local air superiority during the daylight hours because Japanese air power could not reach the fleet in the bad weather. The weather also hindered communications, making cooperation between the many Allied parties involved—in reconnaissance, air cover and fleet headquarters—even worse than it already was. The Japanese also jammed the radio frequencies. Exeter was the only ship in the battle equipped with radar, an emerging technology at the time.

The battle consisted of a series of attempts over a seven-hour period by Doorman's Combined Striking Force to reach and attack the invasion convoy; each was rebuffed by the escort force with heavy losses being inflicted on the Allies.

The fleets sighted each other at about 16:00 on 27 February and closed to firing range, opening fire at 16:16. Both sides exhibited poor gunnery and torpedo skills during this phase of the battle. Despite her recent refit (with the addition of modern Type 284 gunnery control radar), Exeter's shells did not come close to the Japanese ships, while Houston only managed to achieve a straddle on one of the opposing cruisers. The only notable result of the initial gunnery exchange was Exeter being critically damaged by a hit in the boiler room from an 8-inch shell. The ship then limped away to Surabaya, escorted by Witte de With.

The Japanese launched two huge torpedo salvoes, consisting of 92 torpedoes in all, but scored only one hit, on Kortenaer. She was struck by a Long Lance, broke in two and sank rapidly after the hit.

Electra—covering Exeter—engaged in a duel with Jintsū and Asagumo, scoring several hits but suffering severe damage to her superstructure. After a serious fire started on Electra and her remaining turret ran out of ammunition, abandon ship was ordered. On the Japanese side, only Asagumo was forced to retire because of damage.

The Allied fleet broke off and turned away around 18:00, covered by a smoke screen laid by the four destroyers of U.S. Destroyer Division 58 (DesDiv 58). They also launched a torpedo attack but at too long a range to be effective. Doorman's force turned south toward the Java coast, then west and north as night fell in an attempt to evade the Japanese escort group and fall on the convoy. It was at this point the ships of DesDiv 58—their torpedoes expended—left on their own initiative to return to Surabaya.

Shortly after, at 21:25, Jupiter ran onto a mine – believed to have been discarded by a Dutch minelayer – in shallow water and was sunk, while about 20 minutes later, the fleet passed where Kortenaer had sunk earlier, and Encounter was detached to pick up survivors.

Doorman's command, reduced to four cruisers, again encountered the Japanese escort group at 23:00; both columns exchanged fire in the darkness at long range, until the Java and De Ruyter were torpedoed in the same devastating salvo; Java exploded and sank within minutes, while De Ruyter was struck and disabled while evading and went under several hours later. Only 111 were saved from both ships, Doorman among the dead, having gone down with the De Ruyter.

Only the cruisers Perth and Houston remained; low on fuel and ammunition, and following Doorman's last order to ignore survivors and proceed to Batavia, the two ships retired, arriving at Tanjung Priok on 28 February.

Although the Allied fleet did not reach the invasion fleet, the battle did give the defenders of Java a one-day respite.

Aftermath

Battle of Sunda Strait

Main article: Battle of Sunda Strait

Perth and Houston were at Tanjung Priok on 28 February when they received orders to sail through Sunda Strait to Tjilatjap. Materiel was running short in Java, and neither was able to rearm or fully refuel. Departing at 19:00 on 28 February for the Sunda Strait, by chance they encountered the main Japanese invasion fleet for West Java in Bantam Bay. The Allied ships were engaged by at least three cruisers and several destroyers.

In a ferocious night action that ended after midnight on 1 March, Perth and Houston were sunk. A Japanese minesweeper and a troop transport were sunk by friendly fire, while three other transports were damaged and had to be beached.

The Dutch destroyer HNLMS Evertsen had been scheduled to depart Tanjung Priok with the cruisers, but was delayed, and she followed them about two hours later. Her crew sighted the gunfire of the main action, and her captain managed to evade the Japanese main force. However, Evertsen was then engaged by the Japanese destroyers Murakumo and Shirakumo in the Strait, and on fire and in a sinking condition, grounded herself on a reef near Sebuku Island. The surviving crew abandoned ship just as the aft magazine exploded.

Second Battle of the Java Sea

Main article: Second Battle of the Java Sea

After emergency repairs the badly-damaged Exeter left Surabaya for Ceylon; she departed at dusk on 28 February and limped toward Sunda Strait, escorted by the destroyers HMS Encounter and USS Pope. However, all three ships were intercepted by the Japanese heavy cruisers Nachi, Haguro, Myōkō and Ashigara—and their attendant destroyers—on the morning of 1 March. Exeter and Encounter were sunk together around noon, while Pope escaped only to be sunk several hours later by aerial attack.

Bali Strait

Further information: USS Alden (DD-211)

The four U.S. destroyers of DesDiv 58—John D. Edwards, John D. Ford, Alden, and Paul Jones—were also at Surabaya; they left for Australia via the harbor's shallow eastern entrance at nightfall on 28 February. After a brief encounter with the Japanese destroyers Hatsuharu, Nenohi, Wakaba, and Hatsushimo in the Bali Strait, which they were able to evade, they reached Fremantle safely on 4 March.

Consequences

Another Dutch destroyer (HNLMS Witte de With) and three American ships (destroyers USS Pillsbury and USS Edsall, along with the gunboat USS Asheville) were either scuttled or sunk as they attempted to escape to Australia. The main ABDA naval force had been almost totally destroyed: 10 ships and approximately 2,173 sailors had been lost. The Battle of the Java Sea ended significant Allied naval operations in Southeast Asia in 1942, and Japanese land forces invaded Java on 28 February. The Dutch surface fleet was practically eradicated from Asian waters and the Netherlands would never reclaim full control of its colony. The Japanese now controlled one of the most important food-producing regions (Java), and by conquering the Dutch East Indies, Japan also controlled the fourth-largest oil producing area in the world in 1940.

The U.S. and Royal Air Force retreated to Australia. Dutch troops, aided by British remnants, fought fiercely for a week. In the campaign the Japanese executed many Allied POWs and sympathizing Indonesians. Eventually, the Japanese won this decisive battle of attrition and ABDA forces surrendered on 9 March.

Wrecks

As of 2002 the location of the wreck of only one of the eight ships sunk during the two so-called Java Sea Battles, HMS Jupiter, was known and plotted on an Admiralty chart. However, given her location in very shallow water so close to shore she had already been heavily salvaged.

In December 2002 the wrecks of HNLMS Java and HNLMS De Ruyter were discovered by a specialist wreck diving group aboard the dive vessel MV Empress. Empress then went on to discover the wrecks of HMS Electra in August 2003; HNLMS Kortenaer in August 2004; and HMS Exeter and HMS Encounter in February 2007. When discovered these wrecks were all in a very well-preserved state, save for battle damage. In late 2008, Empress discovered remnants of the last wreck, USS Pope, which had already been largely removed by illegal salvage diving operations.

Although the MV Empress team kept the locations of their discoveries secret, by 2017 all eight ships had been reduced to remnants or even entirely removed by illegal commercial salvage operations.'

References

• Morison, Samuel Eliot (2001) [1958]. The Rising Sun in the Pacific 1931 – April 1942, vol. 3 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Castle Books. ISBN 0-7858-1304-7.

Further reading

• Brown, David (1990). Warship Losses of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-914-X.
• Burchell, David (1971). The Bells of the Sunda Strait. Adelaide, Australia: Rigby.
• Cain, T. J. (1959). HMS Electra. London: Futura Publications.
• D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN 0-8159-5302-X.
• Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-097-1.
• Gill, G. Hermon (1957). "Chapter 15: Abda and Anzac". Royal Australian Navy, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 2 – Navy. Vol. I. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 848228.
• Gill, G. Hermon (1957). "Chapter 16: Defeat in Abda". Royal Australian Navy, 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 2 – Navy. Vol. I. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 848228.
• Gordon, Oliver L. (1957). Fight It Out. William Kimber.
• Grove, Eric (1993). Sea Battles in Close-Up: World War II, vol. 2. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-7110-2118-X.
• Hara, Tameichi (1961). Japanese Destroyer Captain. New York & Toronto: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-27894-1. Firsthand account of the battle by the captain of the Japanese destroyer Amatsukaze.
• Holbrook, Heber (1981). U.S.S. Houston: The Last Flagship of the Asiatic Fleet. Dixon, CA, USA: Pacific Ship and Shore.
• Hornfischer, James D. (2006). Ship of Ghosts: The Story of the USS Houston, FDR's Legendary Lost Cruiser, and the Epic Saga of Her Survivors. Bantam. ISBN 0-553-80390-5.
• Hoyt, Edwin P. (1976). The Lonely Ships: The Life and Death of the Asiatic Fleet. New York: David McKay Company.
• Kehn, Donald M. (2009). A Blue Sea of Blood: Deciphering the Mysterious Fate of the USS Edsall. Zenith Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-3353-2.
• Lacroix, Eric; Linton Wells (1997). Japanese Cruisers of the Pacific War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-311-3.
• McKie, Ronald (1953). Proud Echo: The Great Last Battle of HMAS Perth. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.
• Parkin, Robert Sinclair (1995). Blood on the Sea: American Destroyers Lost in World War II. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81069-7.
• Payne, Alan (2000). HMAS Perth: The Story of a Six-Inch Cruiser, 1936–1942. Garden Island, NSW, Aus: The Naval Historical Society of Australia.
• Schultz, Duane (1985). The Last Battle Station: The Story of the USS Houston. St Martins Press. ISBN 0-312-46973-X.
• Spector, Ronald (1985). Eagle Against the Sun: The American War With Japan. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-394-74101-3.
• Thomas, David A. (1968). The Battle of the Java Sea. New York: Stein & Day. ISBN 0-330-02608-9.
• van Oosten, F. C. (1976). The Battle of the Java Sea (Sea battles in close-up; 15). Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-911-1.
• Visser, H. (September 2017). "Question 25/53". Warship International. LIV (3): 189–190. ISSN 0043-0374.
• Whiting, Brendan (1995). Ship of Courage: The Epic Story of HMAS Perth and Her Crew. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86373-653-0.
• Winslow, Walter G. (1984). The Ghost that Died at Sunda Strait. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-218-4. Firsthand account of the battle by a survivor from USS Houston.
• Winslow, Walter G. (1994). The Fleet the Gods Forgot: The U.S. Asiatic Fleet in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-928-X.

External links

• Niek Koppen (Director) (1995). Slag in de Javazee, De (The Battle of the Java Sea) (Documentary film). Netherlands: NFM/IAF. – 135-minute documentary of the battle. Won the "Golden Calf" award for "Best Long Documentary" at the 1996 Nederlands Film Festival.

• To the Java Sea: The Diary, Letters and Papers of Henry E. Eccles

• "CombinedFleet.com: Tabular history of Japanese ships involved in the battle". Archived from the original on 15 May 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2006.
• Vincent P. O'Hara. "Battle of the Java Sea: 27 February 1942 by Vincent P. O'Hara". Archived from the original on 12 April 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2006.
• "Battle of Sunda Strait: 28 February-1 March 1942 by Vincent P. O'Hara". Retrieved 31 May 2006.
• "Details on the battle and sunken ships from a diving site". Archived from the original on 30 April 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2006.
• "Details on the battle and the report from the captain of HMS Exeter". Retrieved 17 May 2006.
• "US Navy report of the battle from 1943". Archived from the original on 15 May 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2006.
• L, Klemen. "The Japanese Invasion of Dutch West Timor Island, February 1942". The Netherlands East Indies 1941–1942.
• "Navweaps.com order of battle". Archived from the original on 17 May 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2006.
• "Australian War Memorial description of the battle with some pictures". Archived from the original on 19 August 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2006.
• "Fall of the Dutch East Indies". Animated histories of Pacific battles of World War II. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 3 September 2006.
• United States Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific): Naval Analysis Division (1946). "Chapter 3: The Japanese Invasion of the Philippines, the Dutch East Indies, and Southeast Asia". The Campaigns of the Pacific War. United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 20 November 2006.