Jump to content

Coenzyme Q10

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Ubiquinone)

Coenzyme Q10
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
2-[(2E,6E,10E,14E,18E,22E,26E,30E,34E)-3,7,11,15,19,23,27,31,35,39-Decamethyltetraconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30,34,38-decaen-1-yl]-5,6-dimethoxy-3-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
Other names
  • In general: Ubiquinone, coenzyme Q, CoQ, vitamin Q
  • This form: ubidecarenone,

Q10, CoQ10 /ˌkoʊˌkjuːˈtɛn/

Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.005.590 Edit this at Wikidata
KEGG
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C59H90O4/c1-44(2)24-15-25-45(3)26-16-27-46(4)28-17-29-47(5)30-18-31-48(6)32-19-33-49(7)34-20-35-50(8)36-21-37-51(9)38-22-39-52(10)40-23-41-53(11)42-43-55-54(12)56(60)58(62-13)59(63-14)57(55)61/h24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40,42H,15-23,25,27,29,31,33,35,37,39,41,43H2,1-14H3/b45-26+,46-28+,47-30+,48-32+,49-34+,50-36+,51-38+,52-40+,53-42+ checkY
    Key: ACTIUHUUMQJHFO-UPTCCGCDSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/C59H90O4/c1-44(2)24-15-25-45(3)26-16-27-46(4)28-17-29-47(5)30-18-31-48(6)32-19-33-49(7)34-20-35-50(8)36-21-37-51(9)38-22-39-52(10)40-23-41-53(11)42-43-55-54(12)56(60)58(62-13)59(63-14)57(55)61/h24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40,42H,15-23,25,27,29,31,33,35,37,39,41,43H2,1-14H3/b45-26+,46-28+,47-30+,48-32+,49-34+,50-36+,51-38+,52-40+,53-42+
    Key: ACTIUHUUMQJHFO-UPTCCGCDBK
  • O=C1/C(=C(\C(=O)C(\OC)=C1\OC)C)C\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)C
Properties
C59H90O4
Molar mass 863.365 g·mol−1
Appearance yellow or orange solid
Melting point 48–52 °C (118–126 °F; 321–325 K)
insoluble
Pharmacology
C01EB09 (WHO)
Related compounds
Related quinones
 1,4-Benzoquinone
Plastoquinone
Ubiquinol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
checkY verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10 /ˌkoʊkjuːˈtɛn/), also known as ubiquinone, is a naturally occurring biochemical cofactor (coenzyme) and an antioxidant produced by the human body.[1][2][3] It can also be obtained from dietary sources, such as meat, fish, seed oils, vegetables, and dietary supplements.[1][2] CoQ10 is found in many organisms, including animals and bacteria.

CoQ10 plays a role in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, aiding in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is involved in energy transfer within cells.[1] The structure of CoQ10 consists of a benzoquinone moiety and an isoprenoid side chain, with the "10" referring to the number of isoprenyl chemical subunits in its tail.[4][5][6]

Although a ubiquitous molecule in human tissues, CoQ10 is not a dietary nutrient and does not have a recommended intake level, and its use as a supplement is not approved in the United States for any health or anti-disease effect.[1][2]

Biological functions

[edit]
See also: Q cycle

CoQ10 is a component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), where it plays a role in oxidative phosphorylation, a process required for the biosynthesis of adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy source of cells.[1][6][7]

CoQ10 is a lipophilic molecule that is located in all biological membranes of human body and serves as a component for the synthesis of ATP and is a life-sustaining cofactor for the three complexes (complex I, complex II, and complex III) of the ETC in the mitochondria.[1][5] CoQ10 has a role in the transport of protons across lysosomal membranes to regulate pH in lysosome functions.[1]

The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation process takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells.[1] This membrane is highly folded into structures called cristae, which increase the surface area available for oxidative phosphorylation. CoQ10 plays a role in this process as an essential cofactor of the ETC located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and serves the following functions:[1][7]

  • electron transport in the mitochondrial ETC, by shuttling electrons from mitochondrial complexes like nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), ubiquinone reductase (complex I), and succinate ubiquinone reductase (complex II), the fatty acids and branched-chain amino acids oxidation (through flavin-linked dehydrogenases) to ubiquinol–cytochrome-c reductase (complex III) of the ETC:[1][7] CoQ10 participates in fatty acid and glucose metabolism by transferring electrons generated from the reduction of fatty acids and glucose to electron acceptors;[8]
  • antioxidant activity as a lipid-soluble antioxidant together with vitamin E, scavenging reactive oxygen species and protecting cells against oxidative stress,[1][6] inhibiting the oxidation of proteins, DNA, and use of vitamin E.[1][9]

CoQ10 also may influence immune response by modulating the expression of genes involved in inflammation.[10][11][12]

Biochemistry

[edit]

Coenzymes Q is a coenzyme family that is ubiquitous in animals and many Pseudomonadota,[13] a group of gram-negative bacteria. The fact that the coenzyme is ubiquitous gives the origin of its other name, ubiquinone.[1][2][14] In humans, the most common form of coenzymes Q is coenzyme Q10, also called CoQ10 (/ˌkoʊkjuːˈtɛn/) or ubiquinone-10.[1]

Coenzyme Q10 is a 1,4-benzoquinone, in which "Q" refers to the quinone chemical group and "10" refers to the number of isoprenyl chemical subunits (shown enclosed in brackets in the diagram) in its tail.[1] In natural ubiquinones, there are from six to ten subunits in the tail, with humans having a tail of 10 isoprene units (50 carbon atoms) connected to its benzoquinone "head".[1]

This family of fat-soluble substances is present in all respiring eukaryotic cells, primarily in the mitochondria.[1] Ninety-five percent of the human body's energy is generated this way.[15] Organs with the highest energy requirements—such as the heart, liver, and kidney—have the highest CoQ10 concentrations.[16][17][18][19]

There are three redox states of CoQ: fully oxidized (ubiquinone), semiquinone (ubisemiquinone), and fully reduced (ubiquinol).[1] The capacity of this molecule to act as a two-electron carrier (moving between the quinone and quinol form) and a one-electron carrier (moving between the semiquinone and one of these other forms) is central to its role in the electron transport chain due to the iron–sulfur clusters that can only accept one electron at a time, and as a free radical–scavenging antioxidant.[1][14]

Deficiency

[edit]

There are two major pathways of deficiency of CoQ10 in humans: reduced biosynthesis, and increased use by the body.[10][20] Biosynthesis is the major source of CoQ10. Biosynthesis requires at least 15 genes, and mutations in any of them can cause CoQ deficiency.[20] CoQ10 levels also may be affected by other genetic defects (such as mutations of mitochondrial DNA, ETFDH, APTX, FXN, and BRAF, genes that are not directly related to the CoQ10 biosynthetic process).[20] Some of these, such as mutations in COQ6, can lead to serious diseases such as steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome with sensorineural deafness.[21][22][23]

Assessment

[edit]

Although CoQ10 may be measured in blood plasma, these measurements reflect dietary intake rather than tissue status. Currently, most clinical centers measure CoQ10 levels in cultured skin fibroblasts, muscle biopsies, and blood mononuclear cells.[24] Culture fibroblasts can be used also to evaluate the rate of endogenous CoQ10 biosynthesis, by measuring the uptake of 14C-labeled p-hydroxybenzoate.[25]

Use of statins

[edit]

Statins are prescribed to lower cholesterol levels in those who are at risk of dealing with heart conditions or stroke. While statins can be effective in lowering LDL cholesterol they can cause various side effects such as muscle pain, weakness, and fatigue, a condition known as statin-induced myopathy[26]. Other side effects include liver enzyme elevation, digestive issues, and neurological symptoms like memory issues. The link between statins and their side effects is due to how they work in the body and their impact on CoQ10 levels.[citation needed]

Statins inhibit the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which produces cholesterol in the liver. While lowering cholesterol is beneficial, the flip side is this enzyme is also involved in the synthesis of CoQ10 (ubiquinone)[27]. Since CoQ10 is produced through the same biochemical pathway as cholesterol, inhibiting this enzyme also reduces the production of CoQ10 in the body.

Emerging research[28][29]suggests that CoQ10 supplementation may support individuals taking statins by promoting muscle comfort, reducing occasional fatigue or cramps, and supporting mitochondrial function essential for energy production. Additionally, it may aid to overall cardiovascular and liver wellness.

Chemical properties

[edit]

The oxidized structure of CoQ10 is shown below. The various kinds of coenzyme Q may be distinguished by the number of isoprenoid subunits in their side-chains. The most common coenzyme Q in human mitochondria is CoQ10.[1] Q refers to the quinone head and "10" refers to the number of isoprene repeats in the tail. The molecule below has three isoprenoid units and would be called Q3.

Coenzyme Q3

In its pure state, it is an orange-colored lipophile powder, and has no taste nor odor.[14]

Biosynthesis

[edit]

Biosynthesis occurs in most human tissue. There are three major steps:

  1. Creation of the benzoquinone structure (using phenylalanine or tyrosine, via 4-hydroxybenzoate)
  2. Creation of the isoprene side chain (using acetyl-CoA)
  3. The joining or condensation of the above two structures

The initial two reactions occur in mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, and peroxisomes, indicating multiple sites of synthesis in animal cells.[30]

An important enzyme in this pathway is HMG-CoA reductase, usually a target for intervention in cardiovascular complications. The "statin" family of cholesterol-reducing medications inhibits HMG-CoA reductase. One possible side effect of statins is decreased production of CoQ10, which may be connected to the development of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis. However, the role statins play in CoQ deficiency is controversial. Although statins reduce blood levels of CoQ, studies on the effects of muscle levels of CoQ are yet to come. CoQ supplementation also does not reduce side effects of statin medications.[24][31]

Genes involved include PDSS1, PDSS2, COQ2, and ADCK3 (COQ8, CABC1).[32]

Organisms other than humans produce the benzoquinone and isoprene structures from somewhat different source chemicals. For example, the bacteria E. coli produces the former from chorismate and the latter from a non-mevalonate source. The common yeast S. cerevisiae, however, derives the former from either chorismate or tyrosine and the latter from mevalonate. Most organisms share the common 4-hydroxybenzoate intermediate, yet again uses different steps to arrive at the "Q" structure.[33]

CoQ10 supplementation

[edit]

Although neither a prescription drug nor an essential nutrient, CoQ10 is commonly used as a dietary supplement with the intent to prevent or improve disease conditions, such as cardiovascular disorders.[2][34] CoQ10 is naturally produced by the body and plays a crucial role in cell growth and protection.[6] Despite its significant role in the body, it is not used as a drug for the treatment of any specific disease.[1][2][3]

Nevertheless, CoQ10 is widely available as an over-the-counter dietary supplement and is recommended by some healthcare professionals, despite a lack of definitive scientific evidence supporting these recommendations,[1][3] especially when it comes to cardiovascular diseases.[35] Ageing results in the loss of the ability to produce CoQ10 that may impact health. As we proceed towards old age, our body loses the ability to CoQ10, which may impact health. CoQ10 supplements may help to maintain energy levels to support overall health. The potential health benefits of supplementation are in initial research phase, and further studies are needed to confirm its long-term effectiveness and overall health benefits. Current available studies[36] [37][38]have shown some potential health benefits mentioned below:

  • Supports energy[39][36]: CoQ10 may support the production of ATP, which is involved in cellular energy function and may help with fatigue.
  • Supports heart health[37]: CoQ10 may support the energy required for general heart function and may help maintain normal blood pressure.
  • Acts as an antioxidant: CoQ10 may help protect cells from oxidative stress, which can contribute to aging and certain old age conditions.
  • Supports muscle function: CoQ10 may help provide energy to muscles, supporting overall muscle function in active individuals and older adults.
  • Enhances skin health: CoQ10 may help reduce oxidative stress, potentially improving the appearance of skin and protecting against environmental damage.
  • Supports brain health[40]: CoQ10 may support brain function and help maintain cognitive health as we age.
  • Improves exercise performance[41] : CoQ10 may help provide extra energy during physical activity, potentially supporting endurance and faster recovery.
  • Helps with statin side effects: CoQ10 supplementation may help address side effects, such as muscle discomfort, caused by statin medications.

Regulation and composition

[edit]

CoQ10 is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of any medical condition.[42][43][44][45] However, it is sold as a dietary supplement not subject to the same regulations as medicinal drugs, and is an ingredient in some cosmetics.[46] The manufacture of CoQ10 is not regulated, and different batches and brands may vary significantly.[44]

Research

[edit]

A 2014 Cochrane review found insufficient evidence to make a conclusion about its use for the prevention of heart disease.[47] A 2016 Cochrane review concluded that CoQ10 had no effect on blood pressure.[48] A 2021 Cochrane review found "no convincing evidence to support or refute" the use of CoQ10 for the treatment of heart failure.[49]

A 2017 meta-analysis of people with heart failure taking 30–100 mg/d of CoQ10 found a 31% lower mortality and increased exercise capacity, with no significant difference in the endpoints of left heart ejection fraction.[50] A 2021 meta-analysis found that coenzyme Q10 was associated with a 31% lower all-cause mortality in HF patients.[51] In a 2023 meta-analysis of older people, ubiquinone had evidence of a cardiovascular effect, but ubiquinol did not.[52]

Although CoQ10 has been studied as a potential remedy to treat purported muscle-related side effects of statin medications, the results were mixed. Although a 2018 meta-analysis concluded that there was preliminary evidence for oral CoQ10 reducing statin-associated muscle symptoms, including muscle pain, muscle weakness, muscle cramps and muscle tiredness,[53] 2015[54] and 2024[35] meta-analysis found that CoQ10 had no effect on statin myopathy.[54][35]

Pharmacology

[edit]

Absorption

[edit]

CoQ10 in the pure form is a crystalline powder insoluble in water. Absorption as a pharmacological substance follows the same process as that of lipids; the uptake mechanism appears to be similar to that of vitamin E, another lipid-soluble nutrient.[19] This process in the human body involves secretion into the small intestine of pancreatic enzymes and bile, which facilitates emulsification and micelle formation required for absorption of lipophilic substances.[55] Food intake (and the presence of lipids) stimulates bodily biliary excretion of bile acids and greatly enhances absorption of CoQ10. Exogenous CoQ10 is absorbed from the small intestine and is best absorbed if taken with a meal. Serum concentration of CoQ10 in fed condition is higher than in fasting conditions.[56][57]

Both forms, ubiquinone (oxidized CoQ10) and ubiquinol (reduced CoQ10), are well-absorbed by the body.

  • The body naturally switches between the two forms, so both work effectively.
  • Soft-gel capsules are better absorbed than other types of supplements, no matter which form they contain.
  • Ubiquinol is more expensive because it’s newer and patented, Ubiquinol and ubiquinone absorb similarly because ubiquinol changes to ubiquinone in the stomach before it's absorbed[58].
  • Individual differences, like a person’s body or the ingredients in the supplement, can affect how well CoQ10 is absorbed.
  • Ubiquinone has been studied more and is widely used, making it a reliable option.
  • Both forms are safe and effective.

Note: Ubiquinol, the reduced form of coenzyme Q10, is not FDA-approved for medicinal use. While it is available as a dietary supplement, the FDA has not authorized it to treat any specific medical conditions. Ubiquinol and its oxidized form, ubiquinone, have been designated orphan drug status [in accordance with 21CFR316] and are pending FDA orphan indication approval for certain conditions, but they do not have general approval for medical use at this time.

Metabolism

[edit]

CoQ10 is metabolized in all tissues, with the metabolites being phosphorylated in cells.[2] CoQ10 is reduced to ubiquinol during or after absorption in the small intestine.[2] It is absorbed by chylomicrons, and redistributed in the blood within lipoproteins.[2] Its elimination occurs via biliary and fecal excretion.[2]

Pharmacokinetics

[edit]

Some reports have been published on the pharmacokinetics of CoQ10. The plasma peak can be observed 6–8 hours after oral administration when taken as a pharmacological substance.[2] In some studies, a second plasma peak also was observed at approximately 24 hours after administration, probably due to both enterohepatic recycling and redistribution from the liver to circulation.[55]

Deuterium-labeled crystalline CoQ10 was used to investigate pharmacokinetics in humans to determine an elimination half-time of 33 hours.[59]

Bioavailability

[edit]

In contrast to intake of CoQ10 as a constituent of food, such as nuts or meat, from which CoQ10 is normally absorbed, there is a concern about CoQ10 bioavailability when it is taken as a dietary supplement.[60][61] Bioavailability of CoQ10 supplements may be reduced due to the lipophilic nature of its molecule and large molecular weight.[60]

Reduction of particle size

[edit]

Nanoparticles have been explored as a delivery system for various drugs, such as improving the oral bioavailability of drugs with poor absorption characteristics.[62] However, this has not proved successful with CoQ10, although reports have differed widely.[63][64] The use of aqueous suspension of finely powdered CoQ10 in pure water also reveals only a minor effect.[65]

Water-solubility

[edit]

Facilitating drug absorption by increasing its solubility in water is a common pharmaceutical strategy and also has been shown to be successful for CoQ10. Various approaches have been developed to achieve this goal, with many of them producing significantly better results over oil-based softgel capsules in spite of the many attempts to optimize their composition.[19] Examples of such approaches are use of the aqueous dispersion of solid CoQ10 with the polymer tyloxapol,[66] formulations based on various solubilising agents, such as hydrogenated lecithin,[67] and complexation with cyclodextrins; among the latter, the complex with β-cyclodextrin has been found to have highly increased bioavailability[68][69] and also is used in pharmaceutical and food industries for CoQ10-fortification.[19]

Adverse effects and precautions

[edit]

Generally, oral CoQ10 supplementation is well tolerated.[1] The most common side effects are gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, appetite suppression, and abdominal pain), rashes, and headaches.[70] Some adverse effects, largely gastrointestinal, are reported with intakes.[2] Doses of 100–300 mg per day may induce insomnia or elevate liver enzymes.[2] The observed safe level risk assessment method indicated that the evidence of safety is acceptable at intakes up to 1200 mg per day.[71]

Use of CoQ10 supplementation is not recommended in people with liver or kidney disease, during pregnancy or breastfeeding, or in the elderly.[2]

Potential drug interactions

[edit]

CoQ10 taken as a pharmacological substance has potential to inhibit the effects of theophylline as well as the anticoagulant warfarin; CoQ10 may interfere with warfarin's actions by interacting with cytochrome p450 enzymes thereby reducing the INR, a measure of blood clotting.[72] The structure of CoQ10 is similar to that of vitamin K, which competes with and counteracts warfarin's anticoagulation effects. CoQ10 is not recommended in people taking warfarin due to the increased risk of clotting.[70]

Dietary concentrations

[edit]

Detailed reviews on occurrence of CoQ10 and dietary intake were published in 2010.[73] Besides the endogenous synthesis within organisms, CoQ10 also is supplied by various foods.[1] CoQ10 concentrations in various foods are:[1]

CoQ10 levels in selected foods[73]
Food CoQ10 concentration (mg/kg)
Vegetable oils soybean oil 54–280
olive oil 40–160
grapeseed oil 64–73
sunflower oil 4–15
canola oil 64–73
Beef heart 113
liver 39–50
muscle 26–40
Pork heart 12–128
liver 23–54
muscle 14–45
Chicken breast 8–17
thigh 24–25
wing 11
Fish sardine 5–64
mackerel – red flesh 43–67
mackerel – white flesh 11–16
salmon 4–8
tuna 5
Nuts peanut 27
walnut 19
sesame seed 18–23
pistachio 20
hazelnut 17
almond 5–14
Vegetables parsley 8–26
broccoli 6–9
cauliflower 2–7
spinach up to 10
Chinese cabbage 2–5
Fruit avocado 10
blackcurrant 3
grape 6–7
strawberry 1
orange 1–2
grapefruit 1
apple 1
banana 1

Vegetable oils, meat and fish are quite rich in CoQ10 levels.[1] Dairy products are much poorer sources of CoQ10 than animal tissues. Among vegetables, broccoli and cauliflower are good sources of CoQ10.[1] Most fruit and berries are poor sources of CoQ10, with the exception of avocados, which have a relatively high oil and CoQ10 content.[73]

Intake

[edit]

In the developed world, the estimated daily intake of CoQ10 has been determined at 3–6 mg per day, derived primarily from meat.[73]

South Koreans have an estimated average daily CoQ (Q9 + Q10) intake of 11.6 mg/d, derived primarily from kimchi.[74]

Effect of heat and processing

[edit]

Cooking by frying reduces CoQ10 content by 14–32%.[75]

History

[edit]

In 1950, a small amount of CoQ10 was isolated from the lining of a horse's gut, a compound initially called substance SA, but later deemed to be quinone found in many animal tissues.[76] In 1957, the same compound was isolated from mitochondrial membranes of beef heart, with research showing that it transported electrons within mitochondria. It was called Q-275 as a quinone.[76][77] The Q-275/substance SA was later renamed ubiquinone as it was a ubiquitous quinone found in all animal tissues.[76] In 1958, its full chemical structure was reported.[76][78] Ubiquinone was later called either mitoquinone or coenzyme Q due to its participation to the mitochondrial electron transport chain.[76] In 1966, a study reported that reduced CoQ6 was an effective antioxidant in cells.[79]

See also

[edit]
  • Idebenone – synthetic analog with reduced oxidant generating properties
  • Mitoquinone mesylate – synthetic analog with improved mitochondrial permeability

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa "Coenzyme Q10". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 2018. Archived from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Sood B, Preeti Patel P, Keenaghan M (30 January 2024). "Coenzyme Q10". StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine. PMID 30285386. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  3. ^ a b c "Coenzyme Q10". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. January 2019. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  4. ^ Mantle D, Lopez-Lluch G, Hargreaves IP (January 2023). "Coenzyme Q10 Metabolism: A Review of Unresolved Issues". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 24 (3): 2585. doi:10.3390/ijms24032585. PMC 9916783. PMID 36768907. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  5. ^ a b Kadian M, Sharma G, Pandita S, Sharma K, Shrivasatava K, Saini N, et al. (2022). "The Impact of Coenzyme Q10 on Neurodegeneration: A Comprehensive Review". Current Pharmacology Reports. 8: 1–19. doi:10.1007/s40495-021-00273-6.
  6. ^ a b c d Mantle D, Heaton RA, Hargreaves IP (May 2021). "Coenzyme Q10 and Immune Function: An Overview". Antioxidants. 10 (5): 759. doi:10.3390/antiox10050759. PMC 8150987. PMID 34064686. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  7. ^ a b c Pradhan N, Singh C, Singh A (November 2021). "Coenzyme Q10 a mitochondrial restorer for various brain disorders". Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 394 (11): 2197–2222. doi:10.1007/s00210-021-02161-8. PMID 34596729.
  8. ^ Manzar H, Abdulhussein D, Yap TE, Cordeiro MF (December 2020). "Cellular Consequences of Coenzyme Q10 Deficiency in Neurodegeneration of the Retina and Brain". Int J Mol Sci. 21 (23): 9299. doi:10.3390/ijms21239299. PMC 7730520. PMID 33291255. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  9. ^ Di Lorenzo A, Iannuzzo G, Parlato A, Cuomo G, Testa C, Coppola M, et al. (April 2020). "Clinical Evidence for Q10 Coenzyme Supplementation in Heart Failure: From Energetics to Functional Improvement". J Clin Med. 9 (5): 1266. doi:10.3390/jcm9051266. PMC 7287951. PMID 32349341. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  10. ^ a b Hargreaves I, Heaton RA, Mantle D (September 2020). "Disorders of Human Coenzyme Q10 Metabolism: An Overview". Int J Mol Sci. 21 (18): 6695. doi:10.3390/ijms21186695. PMC 7555759. PMID 32933108. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  11. ^ Mantle D, Millichap L, Castro-Marrero J, Hargreaves IP (August 2023). "Primary Coenzyme Q10 Deficiency: An Update". Antioxidants. 12 (8): 1652. doi:10.3390/antiox12081652. PMC 10451954. PMID 37627647. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  12. ^ Barcelos IP, Haas RH (May 2019). "CoQ10 and Aging". Biology. 8 (2): 28. doi:10.3390/biology8020028. PMC 6627360. PMID 31083534. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  13. ^ Nowicka B, Kruk J (September 2010). "Occurrence, biosynthesis and function of isoprenoid quinones". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 1797 (9): 1587–1605. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.06.007. PMID 20599680.
  14. ^ a b c Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Ubidecarenone". PubChem. US National Library of Medicine. 30 March 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  15. ^ Ernster L, Dallner G (May 1995). "Biochemical, physiological and medical aspects of ubiquinone function". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 1271 (1): 195–204. doi:10.1016/0925-4439(95)00028-3. PMID 7599208.
  16. ^ Okamoto T, Matsuya T, Fukunaga Y, Kishi T, Yamagami T (1989). "Human serum ubiquinol-10 levels and relationship to serum lipids". International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal International de Vitaminologie et de Nutrition. 59 (3): 288–292. PMID 2599795.
  17. ^ Aberg F, Appelkvist EL, Dallner G, Ernster L (June 1992). "Distribution and redox state of ubiquinones in rat and human tissues". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 295 (2): 230–234. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(92)90511-T. PMID 1586151.
  18. ^ Shindo Y, Witt E, Han D, Epstein W, Packer L (January 1994). "Enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in epidermis and dermis of human skin". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 102 (1): 122–124. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12371744. PMID 8288904.
  19. ^ a b c d Žmitek J, ŽMitek K, Pravs I (2008). "Improving the bioavailability of coenzyme q10 from theory to practice". Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech. Archived from the original on 23 April 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  20. ^ a b c Desbats MA, Lunardi G, Doimo M, Trevisson E, Salviati L (January 2015). "Genetic bases and clinical manifestations of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ 10) deficiency". J Inherit Metab Dis. 38 (1): 145–56. doi:10.1007/s10545-014-9749-9. PMID 25091424.
  21. ^ Heeringa SF, Chernin G, Chaki M, Zhou W, Sloan AJ, Ji Z, et al. (2011). "COQ6 mutations in human patients produce nephrotic syndrome with sensorineural deafness". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 121 (5): 2013–2024. doi:10.1172/JCI45693. PMC 3083770. PMID 21540551.
  22. ^ Justine Perrin R, Rousset-Rouvière C, Garaix F, Cano A, Conrath J, Boyer O, et al. (2020). "COQ6 mutation in patients with nephrotic syndrome, sensorineural deafness, and optic atrophy". Jimd Reports. 54 (1): 37–44. doi:10.1002/jmd2.12068. PMC 7358665. PMID 32685349.
  23. ^ "Nephrotic Syndrome - COQ6 Associated (Concept Id: C4054393) - MedGen - NCBI". Archived from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  24. ^ a b Trevisson E, DiMauro S, Navas P, Salviati L (October 2011). "Coenzyme Q deficiency in muscle". Current Opinion in Neurology. 24 (5): 449–456. doi:10.1097/WCO.0b013e32834ab528. hdl:10261/129020. PMID 21844807.
  25. ^ Montero R, Sánchez-Alcázar JA, Briones P, Hernández AR, Cordero MD, Trevisson E, et al. (June 2008). "Analysis of coenzyme Q10 in muscle and fibroblasts for the diagnosis of CoQ10 deficiency syndromes". Clinical Biochemistry. 41 (9): 697–700. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.03.007. hdl:11577/2447079. PMID 18387363.
  26. ^ Tomaszewski M, Stępień KM, Tomaszewska J, Czuczwar SJ (2011). "Statin-induced myopathies". Pharmacological Reports: PR. 63 (4): 859–866. doi:10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70601-6. ISSN 2299-5684. PMID 22001973.
  27. ^ Zaleski AL, Taylor BA, Thompson PD (1 July 2018). "Coenzyme Q10 as Treatment for Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms—A Good Idea, but…". Advances in Nutrition. 9 (4): 519S–523S. doi:10.1093/advances/nmy010. ISSN 2161-8313. PMC 6054172. PMID 30032220.
  28. ^ Soleimani Damaneh M, Fatahi S, Aryaeian N, Bavi Behbahani H (2023). "The effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on liver enzymes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials". Food Science & Nutrition. 11 (9): 4912–4925. doi:10.1002/fsn3.3478. ISSN 2048-7177. PMC 10494615. PMID 37701221.
  29. ^ Qu H, Guo M, Chai H, Wang Wt, Gao Zy, Shi Dz (2 October 2018). "Effects of Coenzyme Q10 on Statin-Induced Myopathy: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". Journal of the American Heart Association. 7 (19): e009835. doi:10.1161/JAHA.118.009835. PMID 30371340.
  30. ^ Bentinger M, Tekle M, Dallner G (May 2010). "Coenzyme Q--biosynthesis and functions". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 396 (1): 74–79. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.147. PMID 20494114.
  31. ^ Tan JT, Barry AR (June 2017). "Coenzyme Q10 supplementation in the management of statin-associated myalgia". American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 74 (11): 786–793. doi:10.2146/ajhp160714. PMID 28546301. S2CID 3825396.
  32. ^ Espinós C, Felipo V, Palau F (2009). Inherited Neuromuscular Diseases: Translation from Pathomechanisms to Therapies. Springer. pp. 122ff. ISBN 978-90-481-2812-9. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  33. ^ Meganathan R (September 2001). "Ubiquinone biosynthesis in microorganisms". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 203 (2): 131–139. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10831.x. PMID 11583838.
  34. ^ Arenas-Jal M, Suñé-Negre JM, García-Montoya E (March 2020). "Coenzyme Q10 supplementation: Efficacy, safety, and formulation challenges". Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 19 (2): 574–594. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12539. hdl:2445/181270. PMID 33325173.
  35. ^ a b c Bjørklund G, Semenova Y, Gasmi A, Indika NR, Hrynovets I, Lysiuk R, et al. (2024). "Coenzyme Q10 for Enhancing Physical Activity and Extending the Human Life Cycle". Curr Med Chem. 31 (14): 1804–1817. doi:10.2174/0929867330666230228103913. PMID 36852817.
  36. ^ a b "Coenzyme Q10 - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
  37. ^ a b Kumar A, Kaur H, Devi P, Mohan V (December 2009). "Role of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in cardiac disease, hypertension and Meniere-like syndrome". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 124 (3): 259–268. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.07.003. ISSN 1879-016X. PMID 19638284.
  38. ^ Kumar A, Kaur H, Devi P, Mohan V (1 December 2009). "Role of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in cardiac disease, hypertension and Meniere-like syndrome". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 124 (3): 259–268. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.07.003. ISSN 0163-7258. PMID 19638284.
  39. ^ "What Is Ubiquinol? A Deep Dive into Its Remarkable Health Benefits". Wellness Extract USA. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
  40. ^ Matthews RT, Yang L, Browne S, Baik M, Beal MF (21 July 1998). "Coenzyme Q10 administration increases brain mitochondrial concentrations and exerts neuroprotective effects". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (15): 8892–8897. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.15.8892. PMC 21173. PMID 9671775.
  41. ^ Ylikoski T, Piirainen J, Hanninen O, Penttinen J (1997). "The effect of coenzyme Q10 on the exercise performance of cross-country skiers". Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 18 Suppl: S283–290. doi:10.1016/s0098-2997(97)00038-1. ISSN 0098-2997. PMID 9266538.
  42. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from Coenzyme Q10. National Cancer Institute. April 2022.
  43. ^ PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board (2002). Coenzyme Q10: Health Professional Version. PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board. PMID 26389329.
  44. ^ a b Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from White J (14 May 2014). PDQ Coenzyme Q10. National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  45. ^ "Mitochondrial disorders in children: Co-enzyme Q10". nice.org.uk. UK: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 28 March 2017. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  46. ^ Hojerová J (May 2000). "[Coenzyme Q10--its importance, properties and use in nutrition and cosmetics]". Ceska a Slovenska Farmacie. 49 (3): 119–123. PMID 10953455.
  47. ^ Flowers N, Hartley L, Todkill D, Stranges S, Rees K (4 December 2014). "Co-enzyme Q10 supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (12): CD010405. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010405.pub2. PMC 9759150. PMID 25474484.
  48. ^ Ho MJ, Li EC, Wright JM (March 2016). "Blood pressure lowering efficacy of coenzyme Q10 for primary hypertension". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (3): CD007435. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007435.pub3. PMC 6486033. PMID 26935713.
  49. ^ Al Saadi T, Assaf Y, Farwati M, Turkmani K, Al-Mouakeh A, Shebli B, et al. (Cochrane Heart Group) (February 2021). "Coenzyme Q10 for heart failure". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 (2): CD008684. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008684.pub3. PMC 8092430. PMID 35608922.
  50. ^ Lei L, Liu Y (July 2017). "Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in patients with cardiac failure: a meta-analysis of clinical trials". BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 17 (1): 196. doi:10.1186/s12872-017-0628-9. PMC 5525208. PMID 28738783. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  51. ^ Khan MS, Khan F, Fonarow GC, Sreenivasan J, Greene SJ, Khan SU, et al. (June 2021). "Dietary interventions and nutritional supplements for heart failure: a systematic appraisal and evidence map". European Journal of Heart Failure. 23 (9): 1468–1476. doi:10.1002/ejhf.2278. ISSN 1388-9842. PMID 34173307. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  52. ^ Fladerer JP, Grollitsch S (December 2023). "Comparison of Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone) and Reduced Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinol) as Supplement to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Reduce Cardiovascular Mortality". Current Cardiology Reports. 25 (12): 1759–1767. doi:10.1007/s11886-023-01992-6. PMC 10811087. PMID 37971634.
  53. ^ Qu H, Guo M, Chai H, Wang WT, Gao ZY, Shi DZ (October 2018). "Effects of Coenzyme Q10 on Statin-Induced Myopathy: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". Journal of the American Heart Association. 7 (19): e009835. doi:10.1161/JAHA.118.009835. PMC 6404871. PMID 30371340. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  54. ^ a b Banach M, Serban C, Sahebkar A, Ursoniu S, Rysz J, Muntner P, et al. (January 2015). "Effects of coenzyme Q10 on statin-induced myopathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Mayo Clinic Proceedings (Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis). 90 (1): 24–34. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.08.021. PMID 25440725.
  55. ^ a b Bhagavan HN, Chopra RK (May 2006). "Coenzyme Q10: absorption, tissue uptake, metabolism and pharmacokinetics". Free Radical Research. 40 (5): 445–453. doi:10.1080/10715760600617843. PMID 16551570. S2CID 39001523.
  56. ^ Bogentoft C, Edlund PO, Olsson B, Widlund L, Westensen K (1991). "Biopharmaceutical aspects of intravenous and oral administration of coenzyme Q10.". Biomedical and clinical aspects of coenzyme Q. Vol. 6. pp. 215–224.
  57. ^ Ochiai A, Itagaki S, Kurokawa T, Kobayashi M, Hirano T, Iseki K (August 2007). "Improvement in intestinal coenzyme q10 absorption by food intake". Yakugaku Zasshi. 127 (8): 1251–1254. doi:10.1248/yakushi.127.1251. hdl:2115/30144. PMID 17666877.[verification needed]
  58. ^ López-Lluch G, Del Pozo-Cruz J, Sánchez-Cuesta A, Cortés-Rodríguez AB, Navas P (January 2019). "Bioavailability of coenzyme Q10 supplements depends on carrier lipids and solubilization". Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 57: 133–140. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2018.05.020. ISSN 1873-1244. PMID 30153575.
  59. ^ Tomono Y, Hasegawa J, Seki T, Motegi K, Morishita N (October 1986). "Pharmacokinetic study of deuterium-labeled coenzyme Q10 in man". International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy, and Toxicology. 24 (10): 536–541. PMID 3781673.
  60. ^ a b Mantle D, Dybring A (2020). "Bioavailability of Coenzyme Q10: An Overview of the Absorption Process and Subsequent Metabolism". Antioxidants. 9 (5): 386. doi:10.3390/antiox9050386. PMC 7278738. PMID 32380795.
  61. ^ Martucci A, Reurean-Pintilei D, Manole A (2019). "Bioavailability and Sustained Plasma Concentrations of CoQ10 in Healthy Volunteers by a Novel Oral Timed-Release Preparation". Nutrients. 11 (3): 527. doi:10.3390/nu11030527. PMC 6471387. PMID 30823449.
  62. ^ Mathiowitz E, Jacob JS, Jong YS, Carino GP, Chickering DE, Chaturvedi P, et al. (March 1997). "Biologically erodable microspheres as potential oral drug delivery systems". Nature. 386 (6623): 410–414. Bibcode:1997Natur.386..410M. doi:10.1038/386410a0. PMID 9121559. S2CID 4324209.
  63. ^ Hsu CH, Cui Z, Mumper RJ, Jay M (2003). "Preparation and characterization of novel coenzyme Q10 nanoparticles engineered from microemulsion precursors". AAPS PharmSciTech. 4 (3): E32. doi:10.1208/pt040332. PMC 2750625. PMID 14621964.[verification needed]
  64. ^ Joshi SS, Sawant SV, Shedge A, Halpner AD (January 2003). "Comparative bioavailability of two novel coenzyme Q10 preparations in humans". International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 41 (1): 42–48. doi:10.5414/CPP41042. PMID 12564745.[verification needed]
  65. ^ Ozawa Y, Mizushima Y, Koyama I, Akimoto M, Yamagata Y, Hayashi H, et al. (April 1986). "Intestinal absorption enhancement of coenzyme Q10 with a lipid microsphere". Arzneimittel-Forschung. 36 (4): 689–690. PMID 3718593.
  66. ^ US 6197349, Westesen K, Siekmann B, "Particles with modified physicochemical properties, their preparation and uses", published 2001 
  67. ^ US 4483873, Ohashi H, Takami T, Koyama N, Kogure Y, Ida K, "Aqueous solution containing ubidecarenone", published 1984 
  68. ^ Zmitek J, Smidovnik A, Fir M, Prosek M, Zmitek K, Walczak J, et al. (2008). "Relative bioavailability of two forms of a novel water-soluble coenzyme Q10". Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 52 (4): 281–287. doi:10.1159/000129661. PMID 18645245. S2CID 825159.
  69. ^ Kagan D, Madhavi D (2010). "A Study on the Bioavailability of a Novel Sustained-Release Coenzyme Q10-β-Cyclodextrin Complex". Integrative Medicine. 9 (1).
  70. ^ a b Wyman M, Leonard M, Morledge T (July 2010). "Coenzyme Q10: a therapy for hypertension and statin-induced myalgia?". Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 77 (7): 435–442. doi:10.3949/ccjm.77a.09078. PMID 20601617. S2CID 26572524.
  71. ^ Hathcock JN, Shao A (August 2006). "Risk assessment for coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone)". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 45 (3): 282–288. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.05.006. PMID 16814438.
  72. ^ Sharma A, Fonarow GC, Butler J, Ezekowitz JA, Felker GM (April 2016). "Coenzyme Q10 and Heart Failure: A State-of-the-Art Review". Circulation: Heart Failure. 9 (4): e002639. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002639. PMID 27012265. S2CID 2034503.
  73. ^ a b c d Pravst I, Zmitek K, Zmitek J (April 2010). "Coenzyme Q10 contents in foods and fortification strategies". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 50 (4): 269–280. doi:10.1080/10408390902773037. PMID 20301015. S2CID 38779392.
  74. ^ Pyo Y, Oh H (2011). "Ubiquinone contents in Korean fermented foods and average daily intakes". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 24 (8): 1123–1129. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2011.03.018.
  75. ^ Weber C, Bysted A, Hłlmer G (1997). "The coenzyme Q10 content of the average Danish diet". International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal International de Vitaminologie et de Nutrition. 67 (2): 123–129. PMID 9129255.
  76. ^ a b c d e Morton RA (December 1958). "Ubiquinone". Nature. 182 (4652): 1764–1767. Bibcode:1958Natur.182.1764M. doi:10.1038/1821764a0. PMID 13622652.
  77. ^ Crane FL, Hatefi Y, Lester RL, Widmer C (July 1957). "Isolation of a quinone from beef heart mitochondria". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 25 (1): 220–221. doi:10.1016/0006-3002(57)90457-2. PMID 13445756.
  78. ^ Wolf DE (1958). "Coenzyme Q. I. structure studies on the coenzyme Q group". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 80 (17): 4752. Bibcode:1958JAChS..80.4752W. doi:10.1021/ja01550a096. ISSN 0002-7863.
  79. ^ Mellors A, Tappel AL (July 1966). "Quinones and quinols as inhibitors of lipid peroxidation". Lipids. 1 (4): 282–284. doi:10.1007/BF02531617. PMID 17805631. S2CID 2129339.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coenzyme_Q10&oldid=1263940662"